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  • Articles of Impeachment

    Dennis J. Kucinich of Ohio
    In the United States House of Representatives
    Monday, June 9th, 2008
    A Resolution
    INDEX


    Article I
    Creating a Secret Propaganda Campaign to Manufacture a False Case for War Against Iraq.

    Article II
    Falsely, Systematically, and with Criminal Intent Conflating the Attacks of September 11, 2001, With
    Misrepresentation of Iraq as a Security Threat as Part of Fraudulent Justification for a War of
    Aggression.

    Article III
    Misleading the American People and Members of Congress to Believe Iraq Possessed Weapons of
    Mass Destruction, to Manufacture a False Case for War.

    Article IV
    Misleading the American People and Members of Congress to Believe Iraq Posed an Imminent Threat
    to the United States.

    Article V
    Illegally Misspending Funds to Secretly Begin a War of Aggression.

    Article VI
    Invading Iraq in Violation of the Requirements of HJRes114.

    Article VII
    Invading Iraq Absent a Declaration of War.

    Article VIII
    Invading Iraq, A Sovereign Nation, in Violation of the UN Charter.
    Article IX
    Failing to Provide Troops With Body Armor and Vehicle Armor
    Article X
    Falsifying Accounts of US Troop Deaths and Injuries for Political Purposes
    Article XI
    Establishment of Permanent U.S. Military Bases in Iraq

    Article XII
    Initiating a War Against Iraq for Control of That Nation's Natural Resources

    Article XIIII
    Creating a Secret Task Force to Develop Energy and Military Policies With Respect to Iraq and Other
    Countries
    Article XIV
    Misprision of a Felony, Misuse and Exposure of Classified Information And Obstruction of Justice in
    the Matter of Valerie Plame Wilson, Clandestine Agent of the Central Intelligence Agency

    Article XV
    Providing Immunity from Prosecution for Criminal Contractors in Iraq

    Article XVI
    Reckless Misspending and Waste of U.S. Tax Dollars in Connection With Iraq and US Contractors
    Article XVII
    Illegal Detention: Detaining Indefinitely And Without Charge Persons Both U.S. Citizens and Foreign
    Captives
    Article XVIII
    Torture: Secretly Authorizing, and Encouraging the Use of Torture Against Captives in Afghanistan,
    Iraq, and Other Places, as a Matter of Official Policy
    Article XIX
    Rendition: Kidnapping People and Taking Them Against Their Will to "Black Sites" Located in Other
    Nations, Including Nations Known to Practice Torture

    Article XX
    Imprisoning Children
    Article XXI
    Misleading Congress and the American People About Threats from Iran, and Supporting Terrorist
    Organizations Within Iran, With the Goal of Overthrowing the Iranian Government

    Article XXII
    Creating Secret Laws

    Article XXIII
    Violation of the Posse Comitatus Act

    Article XXIV
    Spying on American Citizens, Without a Court-Ordered Warrant, in Violation of the Law and the
    Fourth Amendment
    Article XXV
    Directing Telecommunications Companies to Create an Illegal and Unconstitutional Database of the
    Private Telephone Numbers and Emails of American Citizens
    Article XXVI
    Announcing the Intent to Violate Laws with Signing Statements
    Article XXVII
    Failing to Comply with Congressional Subpoenas and Instructing Former Employees Not to Comply
    Article XXVIII
    Tampering with Free and Fair Elections, Corruption of the Administration of Justice
    Article XXIX
    Conspiracy to Violate the Voting Rights Act of 1965
    Article XXX
    Misleading Congress and the American People in an Attempt to Destroy Medicare
    Article XXXI
    Katrina: Failure to Plan for the Predicted Disaster of Hurricane Katrina, Failure to Respond to a Civil
    Emergency

    Article XXXII
    Misleading Congress and the American People, Systematically Undermining Efforts to Address Global
    Climate Change
    Article XXXIII
    Repeatedly Ignored and Failed to Respond to High Level Intelligence Warnings of Planned Terrorist
    Attacks in the US, Prior to 911.

    Article XXXIV
    Obstruction of the Investigation into the Attacks of September 11, 2001
    Article XXXV
    Endangering the Health of 911 First Responders
    ____________
    ARTICLES OF IMPEACHMENT FOR PRESIDENT GEORGE W. BUSH
    Resolved, that President George W. Bush be impeached for high crimes and misdemeanors, and that the
    following articles of impeachment be exhibited to the United States Senate:
    Articles of impeachment exhibited by the House of Representatives of the United States of America in
    the name of itself and of the people of the United States of America, in maintenance and support of its
    impeachment against President George W. Bush for high crimes and misdemeanors.
    In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional
    oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability,
    preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional
    duty to take care that the laws be faithfully executed, has committed the following abuses of power.
    _____________
    ARTICLE I
    CREATING A SECRET PROPAGANDA CAMPAIGN TO MANUFACTURE A FALSE CASE FOR
    WAR AGAINST IRAQ
    In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional
    oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability,
    preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional
    duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed",
    has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, together with the Vice President,
    illegally spent public dollars on a secret propaganda program to manufacture a false cause for war
    against Iraq.
    The Department of Defense (DOD) has engaged in a years-long secret domestic propaganda campaign
    to promote the invasion and occupation of Iraq. This secret program was defended by the White House
    Press Secretary following its exposure. This program follows the pattern of crimes detailed in Article I,
    II, IV and VIII.. The mission of this program placed it within the field controlled by the White House
    Iraq Group (WHIG), a White House task-force formed in August 2002 to market an invasion of Iraq to
    the American people. The group included Karl Rove, I. Lewis Libby, Condoleezza Rice, Karen
    Hughes, Mary Matalin, Stephen Hadley, Nicholas E. Calio, and James R. Wilkinson.
    The WHIG produced white papers detailing so-called intelligence of Iraq's nuclear threat that later
    proved to be false. This supposed intelligence included the claim that Iraq had sought uranium from
    Niger as well as the claim that the high strength aluminum tubes Iraq purchased from China were to be
    used for the sole purpose of building centrifuges to enrich uranium. Unlike the National Intelligence
    Estimate of 2002, the WHIG's white papers provided "gripping images and stories" and used "literary
    license" with intelligence. The WHIG's white papers were written at the same time and by the same
    people as speeches and talking points prepared for President Bush and some of his top officials.
    The WHIG also organized a media blitz in which, between September 7-8, 2002, President Bush and
    his top advisers appeared on numerous interviews and all provided similarly gripping images about the
    possibility of nuclear attack by Iraq. The timing was no coincidence, as Andrew Card explained in an
    interview regarding waiting until after Labor Day to try to sell the American people on military action
    against Iraq, "From a marketing point of view, you don't introduce new products in August."
    September 7-8, 2002:
    NBC's "Meet the Press: Vice President Cheney accused Saddam of moving aggressively to develop
    nuclear weapons over the past 14 months to add to his stockpile of chemical and biological arms.
    CNN: Then-National Security Adviser Rice said, regarding the likelihood of Iraq obtaining a nuclear
    weapon, "We don't want the smoking gun to be a mushroom cloud."
    CBS: President Bush declared that Saddam was "six months away from developing a weapon," and
    cited satellite photos of construction in Iraq where weapons inspectors once visited as evidence that
    Saddam was trying to develop nuclear arms.
    The Pentagon military analyst propaganda program was revealed in an April 20, 2002, New York
    Times article. The program illegally involved "covert attempts to mold opinion through the
    undisclosed use of third parties." Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld recruited 75 retired military
    officers and gave them talking points to deliver on Fox, CNN, ABC, NBC, CBS, and MSNBC, and
    according to the New York Times report, which has not been disputed by the Pentagon or the White
    House, "Participants were instructed not to quote their briefers directly or otherwise describe their
    contacts with the Pentagon."
    According to the Pentagon's own internal documents, the military analysts were considered "message
    force multipliers" or "surrogates" who would deliver administration "themes and messages" to millions
    of Americans "in the form of their own opinions." In fact, they did deliver the themes and the
    messages but did not reveal that the Pentagon had provided them with their talking points. Robert S.
    Bevelacqua, a retired Green Beret and Fox News military analyst described this as follows: "It was
    them saying, 'We need to stick our hands up your back and move your mouth for you.'"
    Congress has restricted annual appropriations bills since 1951 with this language: "No part of any
    appropriation contained in this or any other Act shall be used for publicity or propaganda purposes
    within the United States not heretofore authorized by the Congress."
    A March 21, 2005, report by the Congressional Research Service states that "publicity or propaganda"
    is defined by the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) to mean either (1) self-
    aggrandizement by public officials, (2) purely partisan activity, or (3) "covert propaganda."
    These concerns about "covert propaganda" were also the basis for the GAO's standard for determining
    when government-funded video news releases are illegal:
    "The failure of an agency to identify itself as the source of a prepackaged news story misleads the
    viewing public by encouraging the viewing audience to believe that the broadcasting news organization
    developed the information. The prepackaged news stories are purposefully designed to be
    indistinguishable from news segments broadcast to the public. When the television viewing public does
    not know that the stories they watched on television news programs about the government were in fact
    prepared by the government, the stories are, in this sense, no longer purely factual -- the essential fact
    of attribution is missing."
    The White House's own Office of Legal Council stated in a memorandum written in 2005 following the
    controversy over the Armstrong Williams scandal:
    "Over the years, GAO has interpreted 'publicity or propaganda' restrictions to preclude use of
    appropriated funds for, among other things, so-called 'covert propaganda.' ... Consistent with that view,
    the OLC determined in 1988 that a statutory prohibition on using appropriated funds for 'publicity or
    propaganda' precluded undisclosed agency funding of advocacy by third-party groups. We stated that
    'covert attempts to mold opinion through the undisclosed use of third parties' would run afoul of
    restrictions on using appropriated funds for 'propaganda.'"
    Asked about the Pentagon's propaganda program at White House press briefing in April 2008, White
    House Press Secretary Dana Perino defended it, not by arguing that it was legal but by suggesting that
    it "should" be: "Look, I didn't know look, I think that you guys should take a step back and look at this
    look, DOD has made a decision, they've decided to stop this program. But I would say that one of the
    things that we try to do in the administration is get information out to a variety of people so that
    everybody else can call them and ask their opinion about something. And I don't think that that should
    be against the law. And I think that it's absolutely appropriate to provide information to people who are
    seeking it and are going to be providing their opinions on it. It doesn't necessarily mean that all of those
    military analysts ever agreed with the administration. I think you can go back and look and think that a
    lot of their analysis was pretty tough on the administration. That doesn't mean that we shouldn't talk to
    people."
    In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his
    trust as President and Commander in Chief, and subversive of constitutional government, to the
    prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States.
    Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting
    removal from office.
    Article II
    FALSELY, SYSTEMATICALLY, AND WITH CRIMINAL INTENT CONFLATING THE ATTACKS

    OF SEPTEMBER 11, 2001 WITH MISREPRESENTATION OF IRAQ AS AN IMMINENT
    SECURITY THREAT AS PART OF A FRAUDULENT JUSTIFICATION FOR A WAR OF

    AGGRESSION.
    In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional
    oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability,
    preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional
    duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed",
    has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, together with the Vice President,
    executed a calculated and wide-ranging strategy to deceive the citizens and Congress of the United
    States into believing that there was and is a connection between Iraq and Saddam Hussein on the one
    hand, and the attacks of September 11, 2001 and al Qaeda, on the other hand, so as to falsely justify the
    use of the United States Armed Forces against the nation of Iraq in a manner that is damaging to the
    national security interests of the United States, as well as to fraudulently obtain and maintain
    congressional authorization and funding for the use of such military force against Iraq, thereby
    interfering with and obstructing Congress's lawful functions of overseeing foreign affairs and declaring
    war.
    The means used to implement this deception were and continue to be, first, allowing, authorizing and
    sanctioning the manipulation of intelligence analysis by those under his direction and control, including
    the Vice President and the Vice President's agents, and second, personally making, or causing,
    authorizing and allowing to be made through highly-placed subordinates, including the President's
    Chief of Staff, the White House Press Secretary and other White House spokespersons, the Secretaries
    of State and Defense, the National Security Advisor, and their deputies and spokespersons, false and
    fraudulent representations to the citizens of the United States and Congress regarding an alleged
    connection between Saddam Hussein and Iraq, on the one hand, and the September 11th attacks and al
    Qaeda, on the other hand, that were half-true, literally true but misleading, and/or made without a
    reasonable basis and with reckless indifference to their truth, as well as omitting to state facts necessary
    to present an accurate picture of the truth as follows:
    (A) On or about September 12, 2001, former terrorism advisor Richard Clarke personally informed the
    President that neither Saddam Hussein nor Iraq was responsible for the September 11th attacks. On
    September 18, Clarke submitted to the President's National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice a
    memo he had written in response to George W. Bush's specific request that stated: (1) the case for
    linking Hussein to the September 11th attacks was weak; (2) only anecdotal evidence linked Hussein to
    al Qaeda; (3) Osama Bin Laden resented the secularism of Saddam Hussein; and (4) there was no
    confirmed reporting of Saddam Hussein cooperating with Bin Laden on unconventional weapons.
    (B) Ten days after the September 11th attacks the President received a President's Daily Briefing
    which indicated that the U.S. intelligence community had no evidence linking Saddam Hussein to the
    September 11th attacks and that there was "scant credible evidence that Iraq had any significant
    collaborative ties with Al Qaeda."
    (C) In Defense Intelligence Terrorism Summary No. 044-02, issued in February 2002, the United
    States Defense Intelligence Agency cast significant doubt on the possibility of a Saddam Hussein- Al
    Qaeda conspiracy: "Saddam's regime is intensely secular and is wary of Islamic revolutionary
    movements. Moreover, Baghdad is unlikely to provide assistance to a group it cannot control."
    (D) The October 2002 National Intelligence Estimate gave a "Low Confidence" rating to the notion of
    whether "in desperation Saddam would share chemical or biological weapons with Al Qaeda." The
    CIA never informed the President that there was an operational relationship between Al Qaeda and
    Saddam Hussein; on the contrary, its most "aggressive" analysis contained in Iraq and al-Qaeda-
    Interpreting a Murky Relationship" dated June 21, 2002 was that Iraq had had "sporadic, wary contacts
    with al Qaeda since the mid-1990s rather than a relationship with al Qaeda that has developed over
    time."
    (E) Notwithstanding his knowledge that neither Saddam Hussein nor Iraq was in any way connected to
    the September 11th attacks, the President allowed and authorized those acting under his direction and
    control, including Vice President Richard B. Cheney and Lewis Libby, who reported directly to both
    the President and the Vice President, and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, among others, to
    pressure intelligence analysts to alter their assessments and to create special units outside of, and
    unknown to, the intelligence community in order to secretly obtain unreliable information, to
    manufacture intelligence or reinterpret raw data in ways that would further the Bush administration's
    goal of fraudulently establishing a relationship not only between Iraq and al Qaeda, but between Iraq
    and the attacks of September 11th.
    (F) Further, despite his full awareness that Iraq and Saddam Hussein had no relationship to the
    September 11th attacks, the President, and those acting under his direction and control have, since at
    least 2002 and continuing to the present, repeatedly issued public statements deliberately worded to
    mislead, words calculated in their implication to bring unrelated actors and circumstances into an
    artificially contrived reality thereby facilitating the systematic deception of Congress and the American
    people. Thus the public and some members of Congress, came to believe, falsely, that there was a
    connection between Iraq and the attacks of 911. This was accomplished through well-publicized
    statements by the Bush Administration which contrived to continually tie Iraq and 911 in the same
    statements of grave concern without making an explicit charge:
    (1) " [If] Iraq regimes [sic] continues to defy us, and the world, we will move deliberately, yet
    decisively, to hold Iraq to account…It's a new world we're in. We used to think two oceans could
    separate us from an enemy. On that tragic day, September the 11th, 2001, we found out that's not the
    case. We found out this great land of liberty and of freedom and of justice is vulnerable. And therefore
    we must do everything we can -- everything we can -- to secure the homeland, to make us safe."
    Speech of President Bush in Iowa on September 16, 2002.
    (2) "With every step the Iraqi regime takes toward gaining and deploying the most terrible weapons,
    our own options to confront that regime will narrow. And if an emboldened regime were to supply
    these weapons to terrorist allies, then the attacks of September 11th would be a prelude to far greater
    horrors." March 6, 2003, Statement of President Bush in National Press Conference.
    (3) "The battle of Iraq is one victory in a war on terror that began on September the 11, 2001 -- and still
    goes on. That terrible morning, 19 evil men -- the shock troops of a hateful ideology -- gave America
    and the civilized world a glimpse of their ambitions. They imagined, in the words of one terrorist, that
    September the 11th would be the 'beginning of the end of America.' By seeking to turn our cities into
    killing fields, terrorists and their allies believed that they could destroy this nation's resolve, and force
    our retreat from the world. They have failed." May 1, 2003, Speech of President Bush on U.S.S.
    Abraham Lincoln.
    (4) "Now we're in a new and unprecedented war against violent Islamic extremists. This is an
    ideological conflict we face against murderers and killers who try to impose their will. These are the
    people that attacked us on September the 11th and killed nearly 3,000 people. The stakes are high, and
    once again, we have had to change our strategic thinking. The major battleground in this war is Iraq."
    June 28, 2007, Speech of President Bush at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island.
    (G) Notwithstanding his knowledge that there was no credible evidence of a working relationship
    between Saddam Hussein and Al Qaeda and that the intelligence community had specifically assessed
    that there was no such operational relationship, the President, both personally and through his
    subordinates and agents, has repeatedly falsely represented, both explicitly and implicitly, and through
    the misleading use of selectively-chosen facts, to the citizens of the United States and to the Congress
    that there was and is such an ongoing operational relationship, to wit:
    (1) "We know that Iraq and al Qaeda have had high-level contacts that go back a decade. Some al
    Qaeda leaders who fled Afghanistan went to Iraq. These include one very senior al Qaeda leader who
    received medical treatment in Baghdad this year, and who has been associated with planning for
    chemical and biological attacks. We've learned that Iraq has trained al Qaeda members in bomb-making
    and poisons and deadly gases." September 28, 2002, Weekly Radio Address of President Bush to the
    Nation.
    (2) "[W]e we need to think about Saddam Hussein using al Qaeda to do his dirty work, to not leave
    fingerprints behind." October 14, 2002, Remarks by President Bush in Michigan.
    (3) "We know he's got ties with al Qaeda." November 1, 2002, Speech of President Bush in New
    Hampshire.
    (4) "Evidence from intelligence sources, secret communications, and statements by people now in
    custody reveal that Saddam Hussein aids and protects terrorists, including members of al Qaeda.
    Secretly, and without fingerprints, he could provide one of his hidden weapons to terrorists, or help
    them develop their own." January 28, 2003, President Bush's State of the Union Address.
    (5) "[W]hat I want to bring to your attention today is the potentially much more sinister nexus between
    Iraq and the al Qaeda terrorist network, a nexus that combines classic terrorist organizations and
    modern methods of murder. Iraq today harbors a deadly terrorist network…" February 5, 2003, Speech
    of Former Secretary of State Colin Powell to the United Nations.
    (6) "The battle of Iraq is one victory in a war on terror that began on September the 11, 2001 — and
    still goes on. . . . [T]he liberation of Iraq . . . removed an ally of al Qaeda." May 1, 2003, Speech of
    President Bush on U.S. S. Abraham Lincoln
    (H) The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Report on Whether Public Statements Regarding Iraq
    By U.S. Government Officials Were Substantiated By Intelligence Information, which was released on
    June 5, 2008, concluded that:
    (1) "Statements and implications by the President and Secretary of State suggesting that Iraq and al-
    Qa'ida had a partnership, or that Iraq had provided al-Qa'ida with weapons training, were not
    substantiated by the intelligence."
    (2) "The Intelligence Community did not confirm that Muhammad Atta met an Iraqi intelligence officer
    in Prague in 2001 as the Vice President repeatedly claimed."
    Through his participation and instance in the breathtaking scope of this deception, the President has
    used the highest office of trust to wage of campaign of deception of such sophistication as to
    deliberately subvert the national security interests of the United States. His dishonesty set the stage for
    the loss of more than 4000 United States service members; injuries to tens of thousands of soldiers, the
    loss of more than 1,000,000 innocent Iraqi citizens since the United States invasion; the loss of
    approximately $527 billion in war costs which has increased our Federal debt and the ultimate
    expenditure of three to five trillion dollars for all costs covering the war; the loss of military readiness
    within the United States Armed Services due to overextension, the lack of training and lack of
    equipment; the loss of United States credibility in world affairs; and the decades of likely blowback
    created by the invasion of Iraq.
    In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his
    trust as President and Commander in Chief, and subversive of constitutional government, to the
    prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States.
    Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting
    removal from office.
    Article III
    MISLEADING THE AMERICAN PEOPLE AND MEMBERS OF CONGRESS TO BELIEVE IRAQ
    POSSESSED WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION, SO AS TO MANUFACTURE A FALSE
    CASE FOR WAR
    In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional
    oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability,
    preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional
    duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed",
    has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, together with the Vice President,
    executed instead a calculated and wide-ranging strategy to deceive the citizens and Congress of the
    United States into believing that the nation of Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction in order to
    justify the use of the United States Armed Forces against the nation of Iraq in a manner damaging to
    our national security interests, thereby interfering with and obstructing Congress's lawful functions of
    overseeing foreign affairs and declaring war.
    The means used to implement this deception were and continue to be personally making, or causing,
    authorizing and allowing to be made through highly-placed subordinates, including the President's
    Chief of Staff, the White House Press Secretary and other White House spokespersons, the Secretaries
    of State and Defense, the National Security Advisor, and their deputies and spokespersons, false and
    fraudulent representations to the citizens of the United States and Congress regarding Iraq's alleged
    possession of biological, chemical and nuclear weapons that were half-true, literally true but
    misleading, and/or made without a reasonable basis and with reckless indifference to their truth, as well
    as omitting to state facts necessary to present an accurate picture of the truth as follows:
    (A) Long before the March 19, 2003 invasion of Iraq, a wealth of intelligence informed the President
    and those under his direction and control that Iraq's stockpiles of chemical and biological weapons had
    been destroyed well before 1998 and that there was little, if any, credible intelligence that showed
    otherwise. As reported in the Washington Post in March of 2003, in 1995, Saddam Hussein's son-in-
    law Hussein Kamel had informed U.S. and British intelligence officers that "all weapons—biological,
    chemical, missile, nuclear were destroyed." In September 2002, the Defense Intelligence Agency
    issued a report that concluded: "A substantial amount of Iraq's chemical warfare agents, precursors,
    munitions and production equipment were destroyed between 1991 and 1998 as a result of Operation
    Desert Storm and UNSCOM actions…[T]here is no reliable information on whether Iraq is producing
    and stockpiling chemical weapons or whether Iraq has-or will-establish its chemical warfare agent
    production facilities." Notwithstanding the absence of evidence proving that such stockpiles existed
    and in direct contradiction to substantial evidence that showed they did not exist, the President and his
    subordinates and agents made numerous false representations claiming with certainty that Iraq
    possessed chemical and biological weapons that it was developing to use to attack the United States, to
    wit:
    (1) "[T]he notion of a Saddam Hussein with his great oil wealth, with his inventory that he already has
    of biological and chemical weapons . . . is, I think, a frightening proposition for anybody who thinks
    about it." Statement of Vice President Cheney on CBS's Face the Nation, March 24, 2002.
    (2) "In defiance of the United Nations, Iraq has stockpiled biological and chemical weapons, and is
    rebuilding the facilities used to make more of those weapons." Speech of President Bush, October 5,
    2002.
    (3) "All the world has now seen the footage of an Iraqi Mirage aircraft with a fuel tank modified to
    spray biological agents over wide areas. Iraq has developed spray devices that could be used on
    unmanned aerial vehicles with ranges far beyond what is permitted by the Security Council. A UAV
    launched from a vessel off the American coast could reach hundreds of miles inland." Statement by
    President Bush from the White House, February 6, 2003.
    (B) Despite overwhelming intelligence in the form of statements and reports filed by and on behalf of
    the CIA, the State Department and the IAEA, among others, which indicated that the claim was untrue,
    the President, and those under his direction and control, made numerous representations claiming and
    implying through misleading language that Iraq was attempting to purchase uranium from Niger in
    order to falsely buttress its argument that Iraq was reconstituting its nuclear weapons program,
    including:
    (1) ""The regime has the scientists and facilities to build nuclear weapons, and is seeking the materials
    needed to do so." Statement of President Bush from White House, October 2, 2002.
    (2) "The [Iraqi] report also failed to deal with issues which have arisen since 1998, including: . .
    attempts to acquire uranium and the means to enrich it." Letter from President Bush to Vice President
    Cheney and the Senate, January 20, 2003.
    (3) "The British Government has learned that Saddam Hussein recently sought significant quantities of
    uranium from Africa ." President Bush Delivers State of the Union Address, January 28, 2003.
    (C) Despite overwhelming evidence in the form of reports by nuclear weapons experts from the
    Energy, the Defense and State Departments, as well from outside and international agencies which
    assessed that aluminum tubes the Iraqis were purchasing were not suitable for nuclear centrifuge use
    and were, on the contrary, identical to ones used in rockets already being manufactured by the Iraqis,
    the President, and those under his direction and control, persisted in making numerous false and
    fraudulent representations implying and stating explicitly that the Iraqis were purchasing the tubes for
    use in a nuclear weapons program, to wit:
    (1) "We do know that there have been shipments going . . . into Iraq . . . of aluminum tubes that really
    are only suited to -- high-quality aluminum tools [sic] that are only really suited for nuclear weapons
    programs, centrifuge programs." Statement of then National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice on
    CNN's Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer, September 8, 2002.
    (2) "Our intelligence sources tell us that he has attempted to purchase high-strength aluminum tubes
    suitable for nuclear weapons production." President Bush's State of the Union Address, January 28,
    2003.
    (3) "[H]e has made repeated covert attempts to acquire high-specification aluminum tubes from 11
    different countries, even after inspections resumed. …By now, just about everyone has heard of these
    tubes and we all know that there are differences of opinion. There is controversy about what these tubes
    are for. Most US experts think they are intended to serve as rotors in centrifuges used to enrich
    uranium." Speech of Former Secretary of State Colin Powell to the United Nations, February 5, 2003.
    (D) The President, both personally and acting through those under his direction and control, suppressed
    material information, selectively declassified information for the improper purposes of retaliating
    against a whistleblower and presenting a misleading picture of the alleged threat from Iraq, facilitated
    the exposure of the identity of a covert CIA operative and thereafter not only failed to investigate the
    improper leaks of classified information from within his administration, but also failed to cooperate
    with an investigation into possible federal violations resulting from this activity and, finally, entirely
    undermined the prosecution by commuting the sentence of Lewis Libby citing false and insubstantial
    grounds, all in an effort to prevent Congress and the citizens of the United States from discovering the
    fraudulent nature of the President's claimed justifications for the invasion of Iraq.
    (E) The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Report on Whether Public Statements Regarding Iraq
    By U.S. Government Officials Were Substantiated By Intelligence Information, which was released on
    June 5, 2008, concluded that:
    (1) "Statements by the President and Vice President prior to the October 2002 National Intelligence
    Estimate regarding Iraq's chemical weapons production capability and activities did not reflect the
    intelligence community's uncertainties as to whether such production was ongoing."
    (2) "The Secretary of Defense's statement that the Iraqi government operated underground WMD
    facilities that were not vulnerable to conventional airstrikes because they were underground and deeply
    buried was not substantiated by available intelligence information."
    (3) Chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee Jay Rockefeller concluded: "In making the case for
    war, the Administration repeatedly presented intelligence as fact when in reality it was unsubstantiated,
    contradicted, or even non-existent. As a result, the American people were led to believe that the threat
    from Iraq was much greater than actually existed."
    The President has subverted the national security interests of the United States by setting the stage for
    the loss of more than 4000 United States service members and the injury to tens of thousands of US
    soldiers; the loss of more than 1,000,000 innocent Iraqi citizens since the United States invasion; the
    loss of approximately $500 billion in war costs which has increased our Federal debt with a long term
    financial cost of between three and five trillion dollars; the loss of military readiness within the United
    States Armed Services due to overextension, the lack of training and lack of equipment; the loss of
    United States credibility in world affairs; and the decades of likely blowback created by the invasion of
    Iraq.
    In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his
    trust as President and Commander in Chief, and subversive of constitutional government, to the
    prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States.
    Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting
    removal from office.
    Article IV
    MISLEADING THE AMERICAN PEOPLE AND MEMBERS OF CONGRESS TO BELIEVE IRAQ
    POSED AN IMMINENT THREAT TO THE UNITED STATES
    In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional
    oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability,
    preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional
    duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed",
    has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, together with the Vice President,
    executed a calculated and wide-ranging strategy to deceive the citizens and Congress of the United
    States into believing that the nation of Iraq posed an imminent threat to the United States in order to
    justify the use of the United States Armed Forces against the nation of Iraq in a manner damaging to
    our national security interests, thereby interfering with and obstructing Congress's lawful functions of
    overseeing foreign affairs and declaring war.
    The means used to implement this deception were and continue to be, first, allowing, authorizing and
    sanctioning the manipulation of intelligence analysis by those under his direction and control, including
    the Vice President and the Vice President's agents, and second, personally making, or causing,
    authorizing and allowing to be made through highly-placed subordinates, including the President's
    Chief of Staff, the White House Press Secretary and other White House spokespersons, the Secretaries
    of State and Defense, the National Security Advisor, and their deputies and spokespersons, false and
    fraudulent representations to the citizens of the United States and Congress regarding an alleged urgent
    threat posed by Iraq, statements that were half-true, literally true but misleading, and/or made without a
    reasonable basis and with reckless indifference to their truth, as well as omitting to state facts necessary
    to present an accurate picture of the truth as follows:
    (A) Notwithstanding the complete absence of intelligence analysis to support a claim that Iraq posed
    an imminent or urgent threat to the United States and the intelligence community's assessment that Iraq
    was in fact not likely to attack the United States unless it was itself attacked, President Bush, both
    personally and through his agents and subordinates, made, allowed and caused to be made repeated
    false representations to the citizens and Congress of the United States implying and explicitly stating
    that such a dire threat existed, including the following:
    (1) "States such as these [Iraq, Iran and North Korea] and their terrorist allies constitute an axis of evil,
    arming to threaten the peace of the world. By seeking weapons of mass destruction, these regimes pose
    a grave and growing danger. They could provide these arms to terrorists, giving them the means to
    match their hatred. They could attack our allies or attempt to blackmail the United States. In any of
    these cases, the price of indifference would be catastrophic." President Bush's State of the Union
    Address, January 29, 2002.
    (2) "Simply stated, there is no doubt that Saddam Hussein has weapons of mass destruction. He is
    amassing them to use against our friends our enemies and against us." Speech of Vice President
    Cheney at VFW 103rd National Convention, August 26, 2002.
    (3) "The history, the logic, and the facts lead to one conclusion: Saddam Hussein's regime is a grave
    and gathering danger. To suggest otherwise is to hope against the evidence. To assume this regime's
    good faith is to bet the lives of millions and the peace of the world in a reckless gamble. And this is a
    risk we must not take." Address of President Bush to the United Nations General Assembly, September
    12, 2002.
    (4) "[N]o terrorist state poses a greater or more immediate threat to the security of our people than the
    regime of Saddam Hussein and Iraq." Statement of Former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld to
    Congress, September 19, 2002.
    (5) "On its present course, the Iraqi regime is a threat of unique urgency. . . . it has developed weapons
    of mass death." Statement of President Bush at White House, October 2, 2002.
    (6) "But the President also believes that this problem has to be dealt with, and if the United Nations
    won't deal with it, then the United States, with other likeminded nations, may have to deal with it. We
    would prefer not to go that route, but the danger is so great, with respect to Saddam Hussein having
    weapons of mass destruction, and perhaps even terrorists getting hold of such weapons, that it is time
    for the international community to act, and if it doesn't act, the President is prepared to act with
    likeminded nations." Statement of Former Secretary of State Colin Powell in interview with Ellen
    Ratner of Talk Radio News, October 30, 2002.
    (7) "Today the world is also uniting to answer the unique and urgent threat posed by Iraq. A dictator
    who has used weapons of mass destruction on his own people must not be allowed to produce or
    possess those weapons. We will not permit Saddam Hussein to blackmail and/or terrorize nations which
    love freedom." Speech by President Bush to Prague Atlantic Student Summit, November 20, 2002.
    (8) "But the risk of doing nothing, the risk of the security of this country being jeopardized at the
    hands of a madman with weapons of mass destruction far exceeds the risk of any action we may be
    forced to take." President Bush Meets with National Economic Council at White House, February 25,
    2003.
    (B) In furtherance of his fraudulent effort to deceive Congress and the citizens of the United States into
    believing that Iraq and Saddam Hussein posed an imminent threat to the United States, the President
    allowed and authorized those acting under his direction and control, including Vice President Richard
    B. Cheney, former Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, and Lewis Libby, who reportedly directly to
    both the President and the Vice President, among others, to pressure intelligence analysts to tailor their
    assessments and to create special units outside of, and unknown to, the intelligence community in order
    to secretly obtain unreliable information, to manufacture intelligence, or to reinterpret raw data in ways
    that would support the Bush administration's plan to invade Iraq based on a false claim of urgency
    despite the lack of justification for such a preemptive action.
    (C) The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Report on Whether Public Statements Regarding Iraq
    By U.S. Government Officials Were Substantiated By Intelligence Information, which was released on
    June 5, 2008, concluded that:
    (1) "Statements by the President and the Vice President indicating that Saddam Hussein was prepared
    to give weapons of mass destruction to terrorist groups for attacks against the United States were
    contradicted by available intelligence information."
    Thus the President willfully and falsely misrepresented Iraq as an urgent threat requiring immediate
    action thereby subverting the national security interests of the United States by setting the stage for the
    loss of more than 4000 United States service members; the injuries to tens of thousands of US soldiers;
    the deaths of more than 1,000,000 Iraqi citizens since the United States invasion; the loss of
    approximately $527 billion in war costs which has increased our Federal debt and the ultimate costs of
    the war between three trillion and five trillion dollars; the loss of military readiness within the United
    States Armed Services due to overextension, the lack of training and lack of equipment; the loss of
    United States credibility in world affairs; and the decades of likely blowback created by the invasion of
    Iraq.
    In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his
    trust as President and Commander in Chief, and subversive of constitutional government, to the
    prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States.
    Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting
    removal from office.
    Article V.
    ILLEGALLY MISSPENDING FUNDS TO SECRETLY BEGIN A WAR OF AGGRESSION
    In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional
    oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability,
    preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional
    duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed",
    has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, together with the Vice President,
    illegally misspent funds to begin a war in secret prior to any Congressional authorization.
    The president used over $2 billion in the summer of 2002 to prepare for the invasion of Iraq. First
    reported in Bob Woodward's book, Plan of Attack, and later confirmed by the Congressional Research
    Service, Bush took money appropriated by Congress for Afghanistan and other programs and—with no
    Congressional notification -- used it to build airfields in Qatar and to make other preparations for the
    invasion of Iraq. This constituted a violation of Article I, Section 9 of the U.S. Constitution, as well as a
    violation of the War Powers Act of 1973.
    In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his
    trust as President and Commander in Chief, and subversive of constitutional government, to the
    prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States.
    Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting
    removal from office.
    Article VI.
    INVADING IRAQ IN VIOLATION OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF HJRes114.
    In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional
    oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability,
    preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional
    duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed",
    exceeded his Constitutional authority to wage war by invading Iraq in 2003 without meeting the
    requirements of HJRes 114, the "Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of
    2002" to wit:
    (1) HJRes 114 contains several Whereas clauses consistent with statements being made by the White
    House at the time regarding the threat from Iraq as evidenced by the following:
    (A) HJRes 114 states "Whereas Iraq both poses a continuing threat to the national security of the
    United States and international peace and security in the Persian Gulf region and remains in material
    and unacceptable breach of its international obligations by, among other things, continuing to possess
    and develop a significant chemical and biological weapons capability, actively seeking a nuclear
    weapons capability, and supporting and harboring terrorist organizations;"; and
    (B) HJRes 114 states "Whereas members of Al Qaeda, an organization bearing responsibility for
    attacks on the United States, its citizens, and interests, including the attacks that occurred on September
    11, 2001, are known to be in Iraq;".
    (2) HJRes 114 states that the President must provide a determination, the truthfulness of which is
    implied, that military force is necessary in order to use the authorization, as evidenced by the
    following:
    (A) Section 3 of HJRes 114 states:
    "(b) PRESIDENTIAL DETERMINATION.—In connection with the exercise of the authority granted
    in subsection (a) to use force the President shall, prior to such exercise or as soon thereafter as may be
    feasible, but no later than 48 hours after exercising such authority, make available to the Speaker of the
    House of Representatives and the President pro tempore of the Senate his determination that—
    (1) reliance by the United States on further diplomatic or other peaceful means alone either (A) will not
    adequately protect the national security of the United States against the continuing threat posed by Iraq
    or (B) is not likely to lead to enforcement of all relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions
    regarding Iraq; and
    (2) acting pursuant to this joint resolution is consistent with the United States and other countries
    continuing to take the necessary actions against international terrorist and terrorist organizations,
    including those nations, organizations, or persons who planned, authorized, committed or aided the
    terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001."
    (3) On March 18, 2003, President George Bush sent a letter to Congress stating that he had made that
    determination as evidenced by the following:
    (A) March 18th, 2003 Letter to Congress stating:
    Consistent with section 3(b) of the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of
    2002 (Public Law 107-243), and based on information available to me, including that in the enclosed
    document, I determine that:
    (1) reliance by the United States on further diplomatic and other peaceful means alone will neither (A)
    adequately protect the national security of the United States against the continuing threat posed by Iraq
    nor (B) likely lead to enforcement of all relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions regarding
    Iraq; and
    (2) acting pursuant to the Constitution and Public Law 107-243 is consistent with the United States and
    other countries continuing to take the necessary actions against international terrorists and terrorist
    organizations, including those nations, organizations, or persons who planned, authorized, committed,
    or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001.
    (4) President George Bush knew that these statements were false as evidenced by:
    (A) Information provided with Article I, II, III, IV and V.
    (B) A statement by President George Bush in an interview with Tony Blair on January 31st 2003: [WH]
    Reporter: "One question for you both. Do you believe that there is a link between Saddam Hussein, a
    direct link, and the men who attacked on September the 11th?"
    President Bush: "I can't make that claim"
    (C) An article on February 19th by Terrorism expert Rohan Gunaratna states "I could find no evidence
    of links between Iraq and Al Qaeda. The documentation and interviews indicated that Al Qaeda
    regarded Saddam, a secular leader, as an infidel." [InternationalHeraldTribune]
    (D) According to a February 2nd, 2003 article in the New York Times: [NYT]
    At the Federal Bureau of Investigation, some investigators said they were baffled by the Bush
    administration's insistence on a solid link between Iraq and Osama bin Laden's network. "We've been
    looking at this hard for more than a year and you know what, we just don't think it's there," a
    government official said.

    (5) Section 3C of HJRes 114 states that "Nothing in this joint resolution supersedes any requirement of
    the War Powers Resolution."

    (6) The War Powers Resolution Section 9(d)(1) states:

    (d) Nothing in this joint resolution--

    (1) is intended to alter the constitutional authority of the Congress or of the President, or the provision
    of existing treaties; or

    (7) The United Nations Charter was an existing treaty and, as shown in Article VIII, the invasion of
    Iraq violated that treaty

    (8) President George Bush knowingly failed to meet the requirements of HJRes 114 and violated the
    requirement of the War Powers Resolution and, thereby, invaded Iraq without the authority of
    Congress.

    In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his
    trust as President and Commander in Chief, and subversive of constitutional government, to the
    prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States.
    Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting
    removal from office.




    Article VII.
    INVADING IRAQ ABSENT A DECLARATION OF WAR

    In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional
    oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability,
    preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional
    duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed",
    has launched a war against Iraq absent any congressional declaration of war or equivalent action.

    Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 (the War Powers Clause) makes clear that the United States Congress
    holds the exclusive power to decide whether or not to send the nation into war. "The Congress," the
    War Powers Clause states, "shall have power…To declare war…"

    The October 2002 congressional resolution on Iraq did not constitute a declaration of war or equivalent
    action. The resolution stated: "The President is authorized to use the Armed Forces of the United
    States as he deems necessary and appropriate in order to 1) defend the national security of the United
    States against the continuing threat posed by Iraq; and 2) enforce all relevant United Nations Security
    Council resolutions regarding Iraq." The resolution unlawfully sought to delegate to the President the
    decision of whether or not to initiate a war against Iraq, based on whether he deemed it "necessary and
    appropriate." The Constitution does not allow Congress to delegate this exclusive power to the
    President, nor does it allow the President to seize this power.

    In March 2003, the President launched a war against Iraq without any constitutional authority.

    In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his
    trust as President and Commander in Chief, and subversive of constitutional government, to the
    prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States.
    Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting
    removal from office.



    Article VIII
    INVADING IRAQ, A SOVEREIGN NATION, IN VIOLATION OF THE UN CHARTER AND
    INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW

    In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional
    oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability,
    preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional
    duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed",
    violated United States law by invading the sovereign country of Iraq in violation of the United Nations
    Charter to wit:

    (1) International Laws ratified by Congress are part of United States Law and must be followed as
    evidenced by the following:

    (A) Article VI of the United States Constitution, which states "This Constitution, and the Laws of the
    United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made,
    under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land;"

    (2) The UN Charter, which entered into force following ratification by the United States in 1945,
    requires Security Council approval for the use of force except for self-defense against an armed attack
    as evidenced by the following:

    A) Chapter 1, Article 2 of the United Nations Charter states:

    "3.All Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that
    international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered.

    "4.All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the
    territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the
    Purposes of the United Nations."

    (B) Chapter 7, Article 51 of the United Nations Charter states:

    "51. Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-
    defense if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council
    has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security."

    (3) There was no armed attack upon the United States by Iraq.

    (4) The Security Council did not vote to approve the use of force against Iraq as evidenced by:

    (A) A United Nation Press release which states that the United States had failed to convince the
    Security Council to approve the use of military force against Iraq. [UN]

    (5) President Bush directed the United States military to invade Iraq on March 19th, 2003 in violation
    of the UN Charter and, therefore, in violation of United States Law as evidenced by the following:

    (A) A letter from President Bush to Congress dated March 21st, 2003 stating "I directed U.S. Armed
    Forces, operating with other coalition forces, to commence combat operations on March 19, 2003,
    against Iraq." [WH]

    (B) On September 16, 2004 Kofi Annan, the Secretary General of the United Nations, speaking on the
    invasion, said, "I have indicated it was not in conformity with the UN charter. From our point of view,
    from the charter point of view, it was illegal." [BBC]

    ( C ) The consequence of the instant and direction of President George W. Bush, in ordering an attack
    upon Iraq, a sovereign nation is in direct violation of United States Code, Title 18, Part 1, Chapter 118,
    Section 2441, governing the offense of war crimes.

    (6). In the course of invading and occupying Iraq, the President, as Commander in Chief, has taken
    responsibility for the targeting of civilians, journalists, hospitals, and ambulances, use of antipersonnel
    weapons including cluster bombs in densely settled urban areas, the use of white phosphorous as a
    weapon, depleted uranium weapons, and the use of a new version of napalm found in Mark 77
    firebombs. Under the direction of President George Bush the United States has engaged in collective
    punishment of Iraqi civilian populations, including but not limited to blocking roads, cutting electricity
    and water, destroying fuel stations, planting bombs in farm fields, demolishing houses, and plowing
    over orchards.

    (A) Under the principle of "command responsibility", i.e., that a de jure command can be civilian as
    well as military, and can apply to the policy command of heads of state, said command brings President
    George Bush within the reach of international criminal law under the Additional Protocol I of June 8,
    1977 to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of
    International Armed Conflicts, Article 86 (2). The United States is a state signatory to Additional
    Protocol I, on December 12, 1977.
    (B) Furthermore, Article 85 (3) of said Protocol I defines as a grave breach making a civilian
    population or individual civilians the object of attacks. This offense, together with the principle of
    command responsibility, places President George Bush's conduct under the reach of the same law and
    principles described as the basis for war crimes prosecution at Nuremburg, under Article 6 of the
    Charter of the Nuremberg Tribunals: including crimes against peace, violations of the laws and customs
    of war and crimes against humanity, similarly codified in the Rome Statute of the International
    Criminal Court, Articles 5 through 8.
    (C) The Lancet Report has established massive civilian casualties in Iraq as a result of the United
    States' invasion and occupation of that country.
    (D) International laws governing wars of aggression are completely prohibited under the legal
    principle of jus cogens, whether or not a nation has signed or ratified a particular international
    agreement.


    In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his
    trust as President and Commander in Chief, and subversive of constitutional government, to the
    prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States.
    Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting
    removal from office


    Article IX.
    FAILING TO PROVIDE TROOPS WITH BODY ARMOR AND VEHICLE ARMOR

    In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional
    oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability,
    preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional
    duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed",
    has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, together with the Vice President,
    has been responsible for the deaths of members of the U.S. military and serious injury and trauma to
    other soldiers, by failing to provide available body armor and vehicle armor.

    While engaging in an invasion and occupation of choice, not fought in self-defense, and not launched
    in accordance with any timetable other than the President's choosing, President Bush sent U.S. troops
    into danger without providing them with armor. This shortcoming has been known for years, during
    which time, the President has chosen to allow soldiers and Marines to continue to face unnecessary risk
    to life and limb rather then providing them with armor.

    In all of these actions and decisions, President George W. Bush has acted in a manner contrary to his
    trust as President and Commander in Chief, and subversive of constitutional government, to the
    prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States.
    Wherefore, President George W. Bush, by such conduct, is guilty of an impeachable offense warranting
    removal from office.

    Article X
    FALSIFYING ACCOUNTS OF U.S. TROOP DEATHS AND INJURIES FOR POLITICAL
    PURPOSES

    In his conduct while President of the United States, George W. Bush, in violation of his constitutional
    oath to faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and, to the best of his ability,
    preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional
    duty under Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution "to take care that the laws be faithfully executed",
    has both personally and acting through his agents and subordinates, together with the Vice President,
    promoted false propaganda stories about members of the United States military, including individuals
    both dead and injured.

    The White House and the Department of Defense (DOD) in 2004 promoted a false account of the death
    of Specialist Pat Tillman, reporting that he had died in a hostile exchange, delaying release of the
    information that he had died from friendly fire, shot in the forehead three times in a manner that led
    investigating doctors to believe he had been shot at close range.

    A 2005 report by Brig. Gen. Gary M. Jones reported that in the days immediately following Specialist
    Tillman's death, U.S. Army investigators were aware that Specialist Tillman was killed by friendly fire,
    shot three times to the head, and that senior Army commanders, including Gen. John Abizaid, knew of
    this fact within days of the shooting but nevertheless approved the awarding of the Silver Star, Purple
    Heart, and a posthumous promotion.

    On April 24, 2007, Spc. Bryan O'Neal, the last soldier to see Specialist Pat Tillman alive, testified
    before the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee that he was warned by superiors not
    to divulge information that a fellow soldier killed Specialist Tillman, especially to the Tillman family.
    The White House refused to provide requested documents to the committee, citing "executive branch
    confidentiality interests."

    The White House and DOD in 2003 promoted a false account of the injury of Jessica Dawn Lynch,
    reporting that she had been captured in a hostile exchange and had been dramatically rescued. On April
    2, 2003, the DOD released a video of the rescue and claimed that Lynch had stab and bullet wounds,
    and that she had been slapped about on her hospital bed and interrogated. Iraqi doctors and nurses later
    interviewed, i